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Hardy, J. K., Crofford, L. J., and Segerstrom, S. C. (2011). Goal conflict, distress, and pain in women with fibromyalgia: a daily diary study. J. Psychosom. Res. 70, 534–540. Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for

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Hao, M.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, Z.; He, Q.; Zhu, D.; Luo, M. A Compact Review of IPMC as Soft Actuator and Sensor: Current Trends, Challenges, and Potential Solutions from Our Recent Work. Front. Robot. AI 2019, 6, 129. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] [ PubMed][ Green Version] Jarcho, J. M., Mayer, E. A., Jiang, Z. K., Feier, N. A., and London, E. D. (2012). Pain, affective symptoms, and cognitive deficits in patients with cerebral dopamine dysfunction. Pain 153, 744–754. Bingel, U., Rose, M., Gläscher, J., and Büchel, C. (2007). fMRI reveals how pain modulates visual object processing in the ventral visual stream. Neuron 55, 157–167.Wartolowska, K., Hough, M. G., Jenkinson, M., Andersson, J., Wordsworth, B. P., and Tracey, I. (2012). Structural changes of the brain in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 64, 371–379. And this actually brings us to the downside of the imagination and metaphor when it comes to pain, which also happens to be the subject of Susan Sontag’s book, Illness as Metaphor. On the one hand, metaphors are so critical because they are the only way to conceptualise and communicate the experience. But, on the other hand, because of the urgent demand to determine the why of pain, there is a tendency to keep on inventing and imagining reasons, to never be completely satisfied. Tiemann, L., Schulz, E., Gross, J., and Ploner, M. (2010). Gamma oscillations as a neuronal correlate of the attentional effects of pain. Pain 150, 302–308. Kong, J., Gollub, R., Polich, G., Kirsch, I., Laviolette, P., Vangel, M., et al. (2008). A functional magnetic resonance imaging study on the neural mechanisms of hyperalgesic nocebo effect. J. Neurosci. 28, 13354–13362. The urge to find a meaning for pain is surely biological. We are hardwired to determine what is causing our pain so that we could avoid such things in the future. The only problem, however, is that we don’t always have the answer to why. Not just in Job’s time, but also in the 21st century. And, in the absence of knowledge, we tend to invent reasons and meanings. In Greco-Roman times the answer to why was that I must have offended the gods in some way.

Pain: Update and Implications for Physical New Definition of Pain: Update and Implications for Physical

Loggia, M. L., Kim, J., Gollub, R. L., Vangel, M. G., Kirsch, I., Kong, J., et al. (2012). Default mode network connectivity encodes clinical pain: an arterial spin labeling study. Pain 154, 24–33. Vlaeyen, J. W., and Linton, S. J. (2000). Fear-avoidance and its consequences in chronic musculoskeletal pain: a state of the art. Pain 85, 317–332. Second, neuroimaging studies on motivational aspects of pain would benefit from the transfer and integration of findings on related topics, including fear and anxiety, decision-making, conflict resolution and goal-directed behavior. Research on anxiety, for instance, has shown that compromised prefrontal top–down processing underlies the attentional bias in high trait-anxious individuals ( Bishop, 2009)—a mechanism that might also underlie biased attentional processing in chronic pain patients. Likewise, it has been shown that long-term consequences affect stimulus evaluation less than short-term consequences, a phenomenon termed temporal discounting. Similar processes might influence the decisions chronic pain patients make when comparing the immediate benefit of pain avoidance with the loss from missing out on previously valued activities. Nuffield Division of Anaesthetics, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK This book left a profound mark on me and actually inspired me to write about pain myself. I love its thoughtfulness and poetic style, its interdisciplinary nature and the fact that a scholar of literature has so much to say about the world outside the academy.De Peuter, S., Van Diest, I., Vansteenwegen, D., Van den Bergh, O., and Vlaeyen, J. W. (2011). Understanding fear of pain in chronic pain: interoceptive fear conditioning as a novel approach. Eur. J. Pain 15, 889–894. Contemporary models of goal-directed choices (e.g., Rangel and Hare, 2010) posit that the decision whether to pursue an action (e.g., pursuing physical activity in the presence of pain) or not depends on the value of this action that results from the difference between the value of the outcome that is generated by each action (e.g., pleasure experienced during physical activity) and the associated costs (e.g., increase in pain). Tracey, I. (2010). Getting the pain you expect: mechanisms of placebo, nocebo and reappraisal effects in humans. Nat. Med. 16, 1277–1283.

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Karsdorp, P. A., and Vlaeyen, J. W. (2009). Active avoidance but not activity pacing is associated with disability in fibromyalgia. Pain 147, 29–35. Meulders, A., Vansteenwegen, D., and Vlaeyen, J. W. S. (2011). The acquisition of fear of movement-related pain and associative learning: a novel pain-relevant human fear conditioning paradigm. Pain 152, 2460–2469. Schlund, M. W., Siegle, G. J., Ladouceur, C. D., Silk, J. S., Cataldo, M. F., Forbes, E. E., et al. (2010). Nothing to fear? Neural systems supporting avoidance behavior in healthy youths. Neuroimage 52, 710–719.Williams, A. C. C. (2002). Facial expression of pain: an evolutionary account. Behav. Brain Sci. 25, 439–455. Langford, D. J., Tuttle, A. H., Briscoe, C., Harvey-Lewis, C., Baran, I., Gleeson, P., et al. (2011). Varying perceived social threat modulates pain behavior in male mice. J. Pain 12, 125–132. Deborah is a remarkable person and so is her book. She is an artist as well as a patient who attends a pain clinic in London. One day she came up with this brilliant idea. If patients like her were having trouble speaking about pain, maybe they could show their pain instead. Maybe what was needed was a visual language of pain. So she decided to work with other patients, taking and manipulating photographic images that would show how they felt inside. articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without There are a variety of medical conditions that cause sharp pain with inspiration which have been detailed above. It is recommended that any person who is experiencing sharp pain with inspiration should consult with a physician to identify the cause and if it is deemed to be serious start treatment for it [1, 2, 3].