Britain's Tudor Maps: County by County

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Patterson, Annabel. "Rethinking Tudor Historiography". South Atlantic Quarterly (1993), 92#2, pp: 185–208.

Outside the City, there were leper hospitals from at least 1500 at Hammersmith and Knightsbridge. [33] Professor Sara Nair James says that between 1515 and 1529, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, "would be the most powerful man in England except, possibly, for the king." [19] Historian John Guy explains Wolsey's methods: Christoper Coleman and David Starkey, eds., Revolution Reassessed: Revision in the History of Tudor Government and Administration (1986) and was married to Lady Margaret Beaufort, the great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt, the progenitor of the house of Lancaster; Jasper became Earl of Pembroke on 23 November 1452. [10] Edmund died on 3 November 1456. On 28 January 1457, his widow Margaret, who was only 13 at the time, gave birth to a son, Henry Tudor, at her brother-in-law's residence at Pembroke Castle.In the reign of Mary I, 78 were burned in London alone. [127] After her reign, John Foxe collected stories of Protestant martyrs in his Acts and Monuments, published in Aldersgate. [130] Under Elizabeth I, Catholics were less likely to be burned for heresy, but more likely to be executed for treason. From 1584, anyone who became a Catholic priest after Elizabeth's accession was declared guilty of treason. [125] Instead, those burned for heresy were more likely to be from radical Protestant sects such as Anabaptism. In 1575, two Dutch Anabaptists from Aldgate are burned at the stake. [54] Courts [ edit ]

M.L. Bush, "The Tudor polity and the pilgrimage of grace." Historical Research 80.207 (2007): 47–72. online On 1 November 1455, John Beaufort's granddaughter, Margaret Beaufort, married Henry VI's maternal half-brother Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond. It was his father, Owen Tudor ( Welsh: Owain ap Maredudd ap Tudur ap Goronwy ap Tudur ap Goronwy ap Ednyfed Fychan), who abandoned the Welsh patronymic naming practice and adopted a fixed surname. When he did, he did not choose, as was generally the custom, his father's name, Maredudd, but chose that of his grandfather, Tudur ap Goronwy, instead. The Lollard movement demanded the translation of the Bible into English, a practice considered heretical at the time. Illicit English translations of the New Testament were smuggled into London from Germany and Antwerp, [128] and even the dean of St. Paul's Cathedral was threatened with prosecution for translating the Lord's Prayer into English. [129] London had a debtors' prison called the Fleet, for the imprisonment of people who could not pay their creditors. It housed about fifty inmates, and was notorious for its poor conditions and disease. Inmates had to pay for food, and pay rent for a separate room. [120] Treason [ edit ]

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Religious persecution occurred under every monarch in this period. Between 1485 and 1553, 102 heretics were burned at the stake around the country, many at Smithfield, the usual London location for burnings. [127] Due to the large number of schools, Londoners were more likely to be literate than people in the rest of the country. About 75% of adult men and 25% of adult women were literate by the end of the period. [139] Culture [ edit ] Literature [ edit ] John Morrill (ed.), The Oxford Illustrated History of Tudor and Stuart Britain (1995) chapters 5 to 10. saw the execution of Anthony Babington for his part in a plot to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with her cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots. He and thirteen co-conspirators were executed near Holborn, possibly at Lincoln's Inn Fields. [109] After the first seven were disembowelled still alive, the crowd was so disgusted that the remainder were permitted to die by hanging before being disembowelled. [111] Another person executed for treason, albeit on much scantier evidence, was the Portuguese-Jewish royal physician, Roderigo Lopes, who was hanged in 1594. [125]

Paulina Kewes, "The 1553 succession crisis reconsidered", Historical Research (2017). doi: 10.1111/1468-2281.12178 Morrill, John (ed.), The Oxford illustrated history of Tudor & Stuart Britain (1996) online; survey essays by leading scholars; heavily illustrated Indicidual physicians and surgeons may got a medical degree from a university or been granted a licence after taking an apprenticeship, but many are completely unlicensed. [97] By the end of the period, there is a medical practitioner (a physician, surgeon or apothecary) for every 400 people in London. [98]the period 1585–1603 is now recognised by scholars as distinctly more troubled than the first half of Elizabeth's long reign. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures. [63]