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Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 8 September 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09 . Retrieved 2022-09-08. Waller, Derek J. (1973). The Kiangsi Soviet Republic: Mao and the National Congresses of 1931 and 1934 (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Clear data on religious affiliation in China is difficult to gather due to varying definitions of "religion" and the unorganized, diffusive nature of Chinese religious traditions. Scholars note that in China there is no clear boundary between three teachings religions and local folk religious practice. [537] A 2015 poll conducted by Gallup International found that 61% of Chinese people self-identified as "convinced atheist", [544] though Chinese religions or some of their strands are definable as non-theistic and humanistic religions, since they do not believe that divine creativity is completely transcendent, but it is inherent in the world and in particular in the human being. [545] According to a 2014 study, approximately 74% are either non-religious or practice Chinese folk belief, 16% are Buddhists, 2% are Christians, 1% are Muslims, and 8% adhere to other religions including Taoists and folk salvationism. [546] In addition to Han people's local religious practices, there are also various ethnic minority groups who maintain their indigenous religions. Folk religions today comprise 2–3% of the population, while Confucianism as a religious self-identification is common within the intellectual class. Significant faiths specifically connected to certain ethnic groups include Tibetan Buddhism and the Islamic religion of the Hui, Uyghur, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and other peoples in Northwest China. [ citation needed] According to the Palestinian and Saudi ambassadors to China in 2021, the country has at least 50,000 mosques. [547]

Wiatros-Motyka, Malgorzata (12 April 2023). "Global Electricity Review 2023". Ember . Retrieved 2023-05-19. Qian, Isabelle; Xiao, Muyi; Mozur, Paul; Cardia, Alexander (21 June 2022). "Four Takeaways From a Times Investigation Into China's Expanding Surveillance State". The New York Times . Retrieved 2022-07-23. Adshead, S. A. M. (2004). T'ang China: The Rise of the East in World History. Palgrave Macmillan. p.54. Barrass, Gordon; Inkster, Nigel (2 January 2018). "Xi Jinping: The Strategist Behind the Dream". Survival. 60 (1): 41–68. doi: 10.1080/00396338.2018.1427363. Physical fitness is widely emphasized in Chinese culture, with morning exercises such as qigong and tai chi widely practiced, [594] and commercial gyms and private fitness clubs are gaining popularity. [595] Basketball is the most popular spectator sport in China. [596] The Chinese Basketball Association and the American National Basketball Association also have a huge national following amongst the Chinese populace, with native-born and NBA-bound Chinese players and well-known national household names such as Yao Ming and Yi Jianlian being held in high esteem. [597] China's professional football league, known as Chinese Super League, is the largest football market in East Asia. [598] Other popular sports include martial arts, table tennis, badminton, swimming and snooker. China is home to a huge number of cyclists, with an estimated 470 million bicycles as of 2012 [update]. [432] Many more traditional sports, such as dragon boat racing, Mongolian-style wrestling and horse racing are also popular. [599]The national life expectancy at birth rose from about 31 years in 1949 to 75 years in 2008, [517] and infant mortality decreased from 300 per thousand in the 1950s to around 33 per thousand in 2001. [518]

On 1 October 1949, CCP Chairman Mao Zedong formally proclaimed the People's Republic of China in Tiananmen Square, Beijing. [106] In 1950, the People's Liberation Army captured Hainan from the ROC [107] and annexed Tibet. [108] However, remaining Kuomintang forces continued to wage an insurgency in western China throughout the 1950s. [109] Madelyn Holmes (2008). Students and teachers of the new China: thirteen interviews. McFarland. p.185. ISBN 978-0-7864-3288-2. In the mid-19th century, the Opium Wars with Britain and France forced China to pay compensation, open treaty ports, allow extraterritoriality for foreign nationals, and cede Hong Kong to the British [82] under the 1842 Treaty of Nanking, the first of what have been termed as the " unequal treaties". The First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895) resulted in Qing China's loss of influence in the Korean Peninsula, as well as the cession of Taiwan to Japan. [83]a b Bodde, Derk. (1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in", in The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. – A.D. 220. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-24327-0. Although this is the present meaning of guó, in Old Chinese (when its pronunciation was something like /*qʷˤək/) [26] it meant the walled city of the Chinese and the areas they could control from them. [27]

Wang Yangming (1472–1529)". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Archived from the original on 2013-11-09 . Retrieved 2013-12-09. Taiwan's Ma to stopover in US: report". Agence France-Presse. 12 January 2010. Archived from the original on 2015-09-09.

Chestney, Nina (10 June 2013). "Global carbon emissions hit record high in 2012". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2013-11-19 . Retrieved 2013-11-03. Main article: Chinese literature The stories in Journey to the West are common themes in Peking opera. The abdication decree of Emperor Puyi (1912)". Chinese Revolution. 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 2021-05-29. The National People's Congress (NPC), the nearly 3,000-member legislature, is constitutionally the "highest state organ of power", [192] though it has been also described as a " rubber stamp" body. [205] The NPC meets annually, while the NPC Standing Committee, around 150 members elected from NPC delegates, meets every couple of months. [205] Elections are indirect and not pluralistic, with nominations at all levels being controlled by the CCP. [195] The NPC is dominated by the CCP, with another eight minor parties having nominal representation under the condition of upholding CCP leadership. [206]